Head Injury With Loss Of Consciousness Does Not Increase The The Risk Of Dementia

Head Injury With Loss Of Consciousness Does Not Increase The The Risk Of Dementia.
Having a hurtful knowledge harm at some period in your way of life doesn't raise the risk of dementia in primitive age, but it does increase the odds of re-injury, a unripe study finds. "There is a lot of dismay among people who have sustained a brain abuse that they are going to have these horrible outcomes when they get older," said superior author Kristen Dams-O'Connor, aide professor of rehabilitation medicine at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City cost of duramale in canada. "it's not true," she said. "But we did upon a hazard for re-injury".

The 16-year lessons of more than 4000 older adults also found that a current upsetting brain injury with unconsciousness raised the advantage of death from any cause in subsequent years. Those at greatest gamble for re-injury were settle who had their brain injury after age 55, Dams-O'Connor said. "This suggests that there are some age-related biological vulnerabilities that come into wager in terms of re-injury risk," she said.

Dams-O'Connor said doctors paucity to front out for fitness issues among older patients who have had a disturbing brain injury. These patients should make an effort to avoid another head injury by watching their compare and taking care of their overall health, she said. To probe the consequences of a traumatic percipience injury in older adults, the researchers sedate data on participants in the Adult Changes in Thought study, conducted in the Seattle scope between 1994 and 2010. The participants' general epoch was 75.

At the start of the study, which was published recently in the Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, none of the participants suffered from dementia. Over 16 years of follow-up, the researchers found that those who had suffered a traumatizing brains mayhem with disappearance of consciousness at any patch in their lives did not increase their risk for developing Alzheimer's or other forms of dementia.

Daily Drinking Green Tea Or Coffee Can Reduce The Risk Of Stroke

Daily Drinking Green Tea Or Coffee Can Reduce The Risk Of Stroke.
Many tribe extract coffee or tea breaks throughout the day, and that plain pretend may cure them reduce their jeopardize for stroke, Japanese researchers report. This meditate on of about 83000 people suggests that drinking sward tea or coffee daily might condescend stroke risk by about 20 percent, with even more defence against a specific type of stroke noflam in juneau. "The absolute action of daily drinking of green tea and coffee is a profit in preventing stroke," said go first researcher Dr Yoshihiro Kokubo, supreme doctor in the department of preventive cardiology at the National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, in Osaka.

So "If you cannot cheerfully redress your lifestyle, take a shot to prevent stroke by drinking green tea every day," he said. Although it isn't predetermined why coffee and tea may have this effect, Kokubo thinks it might be due to doubtless properties in these drinks that follow blood from clotting. In addition, gullible tea contains catechins, which have an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effect.

Some chemicals in coffee, such as chlorogenic acid, may engraving the peril of beat by lowering the chances of developing genus 2 diabetes, he explained. Coffee also contains caffeine, which may have an strike on cholesterol levels and blood pressure, and may cause changes in insulin sensitivity, which affects blood sugar, he added. One expert, Dr Ralph Sacco, times gone by president of the American Heart Association, cautioned that this kind of cram cannot claim for certain that the reduce risk of stroke is really the result of drinking coffee or tea.

Women Can Take Antidepressants During Pregnancy

Women Can Take Antidepressants During Pregnancy.
Women who rip off inexorable antidepressants while gravid do not raise the risk of a stillbirth or expiry of their baby in the first year of life, according to a magnanimous new study. The findings slow from an analysis involving 30000 women in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, who gave beginning to more than 1,6 million babies, in total, between 1996 and 2007 liverdetox. Close to 2 percent of the women took medication demanding serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as Prozac (fluoxetine) and Paxil (paroxetine), for depressive symptoms during their pregnancy.

The experiment with team, led by Dr Olof Stephansson of the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden, reports in the Jan 2, 2013 delivery of the Journal of the American Medical Association that initially women intriguing an SSRI for the blues did seem to live statistically higher rates of stillbirth and infant death. However, that uptick in endanger disappeared once they accounted for other factors, including the presage posed by dent and the mother's yesterday's news of psychiatric disability or hospitalizations, the authors well-known in a periodical despatch release.

Reduction The Hormone Estrogen Leads To Mental Decline

Reduction The Hormone Estrogen Leads To Mental Decline.
The younger a gal is when she undergoes surgical menopause, the greater her chances of developing reminiscence problems at an earlier age, different probing suggests. Surgical menopause describes the end of ovarian run due to gynecological surgery before the ripen of true menopause. It involves the sacking of one or both ovaries (an oophorectomy), often in cartel with a hysterectomy, the removal of a woman's uterus enlast. "For women with surgically induced menopause, at cock crow seniority at menopause was associated with a faster diminution in memory," said muse about author Dr Riley Bove, an master in neurology at Harvard Medical School and an comrade neurologist at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston.

However, she stressed, "These are very prefatory data". Bove said other check out suggests a link between a abatement in the hormone estrogen during menopause and mental decline, and the direct of this study was to better understand the relationship between reproductive-health factors and retention changes. The investigate results will be presented in March at the American Academy of Neurology' annual meeting, in San Diego.

For the study, the researchers analyzed medical records of more than 1800 women elderly 53 to 100 who were engaging split up in one of two studies conducted by Rush University Medical Center in Chicago: the Religious Orders Study and the Memory and Aging Project. The researchers assessed reproductive variables, such as when women had their from the start period, the add of years menstrual cycles lasted, and use of hormone replacement therapies. Measurements from several types of cogitative and thought tests were analyzed, too.

The scientists also assessed the results of brains biopsies after death, some of which showed the spectre of Alzheimer's plaques. "We had approximately 580 brains accessible for breakdown - this speaks to the very lone and resonant stamp of the data," said Bove. Thirty-three percent of the den participants had undergone surgical menopause.

Reasons for these surgeries may cover fibroids (noncancerous uterine tumors), endometriosis (growth of uterine web appearance the womb), cancer of the uterus and ovaries, and kinky vaginal bleeding. When the ovaries are gone, ovarian opus of estrogen stops, said Bove. However, this inspect did not subsume reasons why the women underwent surgical menopause.

A New Approach In The Treatment Of Leukemia

A New Approach In The Treatment Of Leukemia.
An exploratory remedial programme that targets the vaccinated procedure might offer a new way to treat an often inhuman form of adult leukemia, a preliminary inquiry suggests. The research involved only five adults with intermittent B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a cancer of the blood and bone marrow. ALL progresses quickly, and patients can lose one's life within weeks if untreated. The representative initially care is three separate phases of chemotherapy drugs pillarder. For many patients, that beats back the cancer.

But it often returns. At that point, the only promise for long-term survival is to have another shot of chemo that wipes out the cancer, followed by a bone marrow transplant. But when the c murrain recurs, it is often recalcitrant to many chemo drugs, explained Dr Renier Brentjens, an oncologist at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City.

So, Brentjens and his colleagues tested a remarkable approach. They took safe approach T-cells from the blood of five patients, then genetically engineered the cells to evince alleged chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), which facilitate the T-cells own and cancel ALL cells. The five patients received infusions of their tweaked T-cells after having rule chemotherapy.

All five without delay saying a round off remission - within eight days for one patient, the researchers found. Four patients went on to a bone marrow transplant, the researchers reported March 20 in the review Science Translational Medicine. The fifth was improper because he had humanity contagion and other healthiness conditions that made the shift too risky.

And "To our amazement, we got a full and a very prompt elimination of the tumor in these patients," said Dr Michel Sadelain, another Sloan-Kettering researcher who worked on the study. Many questions remain, however. And the therapy - known as adoptive T-cell psychotherapy - is not ready disguise of the inspect setting. "This is still an experimental therapy," Brentjens said.

And "But it's a full of promise therapy". In the United States, reticent to 6100 citizenry will be diagnosed with ALL this year, and more than 1400 will die, according to the National Cancer Institute. ALL most often arises in children, but adults relation for about three-quarters of deaths.

Most cases of ALL are the B-cell form, and Brentjens said about 30 percent of grown-up patients are cured. When the cancer recurs, patients have a finger at long-term survival if they can get a bone marrow transplant. But if their cancer resists the pre-transplant chemo, the expectation is grim, Brentjens said.

Rheumatoid Arthritis And Shingles

Rheumatoid Arthritis And Shingles.
The newest medications utilized to wine and dine autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis don't appear to bring about the danger of developing shingles, fresh research indicates. There has been concern that these medications, called anti-tumor necrosis ingredient (anti-TNF) drugs, might multiply the chances of a shingles infection (also known as herpes zoster) because they apply by suppressing a partial of the immune system that causes the autoimmune attack ante health. "These are commonly Euphemistic pre-owned drugs for ancestors with rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases, and the publication was whether or not they increased the risk of shingles.

We found there is no increased jeopardy when using these drugs, which was reassuring," said mull over author Dr Kevin Winthrop, subsidiary professor of infectious disease and obvious health and preventive medicine at Oregon Health and Science University in Portland. Results of the memorize are published in the March 6 delivery of the Journal of the American Medical Association.

Shingles is a larger influence on for people with autoimmune conditions, particularly occupy who are older and more at risk for developing shingles in general. Shingles is caused when the same virus that causes chickenpox is reactivated. The symptoms of shingles, however, are often far more life-or-death than chickenpox. It typically starts with a ablaze or tingling pain, which is followed by the manner of fluid-filled blisters, according to the US National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.

Shingles pest can alternate from softening to so dire that even the lightest touch causes uptight pain. People who have rheumatoid arthritis already have an increased jeopardize of shingles, although Winthrop said it's not methodically clear why. It may be due to older age, or it may have something to do with the blight itself. Rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune conditions are treated with many novel medications that supporter dampen the immune set and, hopefully, the autoimmune attack.

Teenagers Diagnosed With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Teenagers Diagnosed With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
Some mortals gather it "brain doping" or "meducation". Others stamp the unmanageable "neuroenhancement". Whatever the term, the American Academy of Neurology has published a situate autograph criticizing the practice of prescribing "study drugs" to shove memory and thinking abilities in in the pink children and teens visit your url. The authors said physicians are prescribing drugs that are typically employed for children and teenagers diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity malady (ADHD) for students solely to rehabilitate their know-how to ace a critical exam - such as the college disclosure SAT - or to get better grades in school.

Dr William Graf, primacy writer of the paper and a professor of pediatrics and neurology at Yale School of Medicine, emphasized that the expression doesn't appropriate to the appropriate diagnosis and treatment of ADHD. Rather, he is responsible about what he calls "neuroenhancement in the classroom". The riddle is similar to that caused by performance-boosting drugs that have been worn in sports by such athletic luminaries as Lance Armstrong and Mark McGwire, he explained.

So "One is about enhancing muscles and the other is about enhancing brains," Graf said. In children and teens, the use of drugs to convalesce scholastic conduct raises issues including the possible long-term clout of medications on the developing brain, the contrast between ordinary and abnormal intellectual development, the question of whether it is principled for parents to force their children to take drugs just to get better their academic performance, and the risks of overmedication and chemical dependency, Graf noted.

The without delay rising numbers of children and teens entrancing ADHD drugs calls distinction to the problem, Graf said. "The thousand of medical doctor office visits for ADHD management and the count of prescriptions for stimulants and psychotropic medications for children and adolescents has increased 10-fold in the US over the survive 20 years," he piercing out.

New Methods In The Study Of Breast Cancer

New Methods In The Study Of Breast Cancer.
An speculative blood examination could ease show whether women with advanced boob cancer are responding to treatment, a forerunning study suggests. The assay detects abnormal DNA from tumor cells circulating in the blood. And the unripe findings, reported in the March 14 pay-off of the New England Journal of Medicine, suggestion that it could outperform existing blood tests at gauging some women's effect to remedying for metastatic breast cancer nine power jogja. That's an advanced etiquette of breast cancer, where tumors have breadth to other parts of the body - most often the bones, lungs, liver or brain.

There is no cure, but chemotherapy, hormonal psychotherapy or other treatments can doltish c murrain progression and ease symptoms. The sooner doctors can foretell whether the treatment is working, the better. That helps women evade the pretentiousness effects of an ineffective therapy, and may enable them to strike to a better one.

Right now, doctors monitor metastatic bosom cancer with the help of imaging tests, such as CT scans. They may also use infallible blood tests - including one that detects tumor cells floating in the bloodstream, and one that measures a tumor "marker" called CA 15-3.

But imaging does not instruct the uncut story, and it can uncover women to significant doses of radiation. The blood tests also have limitations and are not routinely used. "Practically speaking, there's a jumbo desideratum for blockbuster methods" of monitoring women, said Dr Yuan Yuan, an subsidiary professor of medical oncology at City of Hope cancer center in Duarte, Calif.

For the different study, researchers at the University of Cambridge in England took blood samples from 30 women being treated for metastatic chest cancer and having type imaging tests. They found that the tumor DNA exam performed better than either the CA 15-3 or the tumor room investigation when it came to estimating the women's therapy response. Of 20 women the researchers were able to follow for more than 100 days, 19 showed cancer flow on their CT scans.

And 17 of them had shown rising tumor DNA levels. In contrast, only seven had a rising sum of tumor cells, while nine had an augmentation in CA 15-3 levels. For 10 of those 19 women, tumor DNA was on the highland an run-of-the-mill of five months before CT scans showed their cancer was progressing. "The take-home essence is that circulating tumor DNA is a better monitoring biomarker than the existing Food and Drug Administration-approved ones," said ranking researcher Dr Carlos Caldas.

The USA Is Expected Outbreak Of The Virus Chikungunya (CHIKV)

The USA Is Expected Outbreak Of The Virus Chikungunya (CHIKV).
It's reasonable that a moment mosquito-borne virus - with no known vaccine or care - could expatriate from Central Africa and Southeast Asia to the United States within a year, restored probe suggests. The chances of a US outbreak of the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) varies by ripen and geography, with those regions typified by longer stretches of delight bear up against overlay longer periods of euphoric risk, according to the researchers' green computer model scriptovore.com. "The only way for this blight to be transmitted is if a mosquito bites an infected someone and a few days after that it bites a healthy individual, transmitting the virus," said about lead designer Diego Ruiz-Moreno, a postdoctoral associate in the part of ecology and evolutionary biology at Cornell University in Ithaca, NY "The reiteration of this train of events can lead to a disease outbreak".

And that, Ruiz-Moreno said, is where survive comes into the picture, with computer simulations revealing that the gamble of an outbreak rises when temperatures, and therefore mosquito populations, rise. The look at analyzed feasible outbreak scenarios in three US locales. In 2013, the New York quarter is set to guts its highest peril for a CHIKV outbreak during the ardent months of August and September, the analysis suggests.

By contrast, Atlanta's highest-risk time was identified as longer, beginning in June and sustained through September. Miami's harmonious warm weather means the region faces a higher jeopardize all year. "Warmer live through increases the length of the period of high risk," Ruiz-Moreno said. "This is amazingly worrisome if we ruminate of the effects of climate change over ordinary temperatures in the near future".

Ruiz-Moreno discussed his team's analysis - funded in part by the US National Institute for Food and Agriculture - in a late-model culmination of the journal PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. CHIKV was senior identified in Tanzania in 1953, the authors noted, and the violent dump and muscle pain, fever, fatigue, headaches, rashes and nausea that can consequence are sometimes puzzling with symptoms of dengue fever.

Winter Tips For Maintaining A Healthy Skin

Winter Tips For Maintaining A Healthy Skin.
Throughout the winter, overdone ovation washing to retard the smooth of germs can leave skin extremely arid and itchy. Drinking coffee and alcoholic beverages can also tip to dehydration and dry skin, experts say, but tickety-boo skin care and hydration can debar skin from chapping or cracking. "As the temperature is ineffective and the heater is on, the indoor show off gets dehydrated and your skin loses moisture from the environment," said Dr Michelle Tarbox, a dermatologist and auxiliary professor of dermatology at Saint Louis University, in a medical center gossip release healthbuy. "Water always moves downhill, even on a microscopic level, and when the aim of moisture in the make public drops due to the heating process, it just about sucks the hose out of your skin".

Tarbox offered the following tips to advise husband skin hydrated during the winter months. Use a humidifier. Plug this stratagem in at night-time and while working to help prevent moisture failure indoors. For best results, use distilled splash instead of tap water. "Humidifying the puff can reverse the process of skin dehydration and is peculiarly helpful for patients with dermatitis (an itchy infection of the skin)," Tarbox said.

Use over-the-counter saline sprays. These sprays can alleviate preserve the mouth, eyes and nasal areas hydrated, principally during travel. When they are too dry, these mucosal surfaces can become itchy and are less able to guard against viral infections, such as the flu. Avoid rude cleansers. Some cleansers are irritating and can bring on to involvement eczema, a long-term skin disorder, dermatitis and dryness.

Replace these cleansers with more mild, skin-friendly products to slow sear skin. "You can expression for some beneficial ingredients like essential oils, jojoba fuel and shea butter oil," Tarbox said. Choose the swiftly moisturizer. Essential oils, jojoba lubricator and shea butter unguent are also beneficial ingredients found in unquestionable moisturizers. Use products that also contain rotund molecules known as ceramides that help take care of the skin.

It's also important for people to choose products suited to their hull type. "The less wet a moisturizer has, the longer it will last," Tarbox explained. "When in doubt, thicker is often better while choosing a veneer moisturizer". Drink water. Drinking caffeinated coffee and alky drinks can also prima ballerina to dehydration and stale skin. To hamper dehydration, Tarbox recommended drinking one tumbler of water for each alcoholic or caffeinated beverage consumed.

Norovirus infects the us

Norovirus infects the us.
Norovirus, the flagitious hankering bug that's sickened countless sail ship passengers, also wreaks wrack and ruin on land. Each year, many children stop in their doctor or an emergency space due to severe vomiting and diarrhea caused by norovirus, according to unexplored research from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The CDC reveal estimated the expenditure of those illnesses at more than $273 million annually. "The largest point we found was that the condition care burden in children under 5 years long-lived from norovirus was surprisingly great, causing nearly 1 million medical visits per year," said the study's advantage author, Daniel Payne, an epidemiologist with the CDC propynate nf cream. "The second-best location was that, for the cardinal time, norovirus strength care visits have exceeded those for rotavirus".

Rotavirus is a regular gastrointestinal illness for which there is now a vaccine. It's foremost to note that the rate of norovirus hasn't been increasing in issue children, Payne said. The saneness norovirus is now responsible for more vigour care visits than rotavirus is that the incidence of rotavirus infection is dropping because the rotavirus vaccine is working well.

Results of the reflect on are published in the March 21, 2013 pour of the New England Journal of Medicine. Norovirus is a viral bug that can sham anyone, according to the CDC. It commonly causes nausea, diarrhea, vomiting and brook cramps.

Most population recuperate from a norovirus infection in a era or two, but the very young and the very old - as well as those with underlying medical conditions - have a greater gamble of fitting dehydrated when they're sick with norovirus. The virus is very contagious. Payne said it takes as few as 18 norovirus particles to infect someone. By comparison, a flu virus may end between 100 and 1000 virus particles to cause infection.

Payne said ancestors who have been infected can also tower spreading the virus even after they have a better. Norovirus is unmanageable to analyse definitively. The trial that can substantiate the virus is costly and time consuming, Payne said, so there have not been sizeable data on how many children are specious by it each year.

To get a better idea of how prevalent this infection as a matter of fact is, the researchers collected samples from hospitals, pinch departments and outpatient clinics from children under 5 years elderly who had penetrating gastrointestinal symptoms. The children were from three US counties: Monroe County, NY; Davidson County, TN; and Hamilton County, OH.

Tropical Worm Caused The Death Of An American

Tropical Worm Caused The Death Of An American.
A Vietnamese migrant in California died of a mammoth infection with parasitic worms that mushroom throughout his body, including his lungs. They had remained hibernating until his invulnerable plan was suppressed by steroid drugs worn to treat an inflammatory disorder, according to the report. The 65-year-old valet was apparently infected by the worms in Vietnam, one of many countries in the clique where they're known to infect humans vimax. About 80 percent to 90 percent of ladies and gentlemen lose one's life if they are infected by the worm species and then decline from supposed "hyperinfection" as the worms travel through their bodies, said news co-author Dr Niaz Banaei, an subordinate professor of infectious diseases at Stanford University School of Medicine.

The man's cause emphasizes the status of testing patients who might be infected with the scrounge before giving them drugs to dampen the immune system, said Dr Peter Hotez, dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine, who's forward with the publish findings. "You have to characterize twice before starting big doses of steroids," Hotez said. "The predicament is that most physicians are not taught about this disease.

It often does not get recognized until it's too late". Parasitic worms of the Strongyloides stercoralis species are most commonly found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, although they've also appeared in the Appalachian ambit of the United States. Typically, they infect rank and file in pastoral areas such as Brazil, northern Argentina and Southeast Asia, Hotez noted, and may currently infect as many 100 million colonize worldwide.

In The Recession Americans Have Less To Seek Medical Help

In The Recession Americans Have Less To Seek Medical Help.
During the dip from 2007 to 2009, fewer Americans visited doctors or filled prescriptions, according to a altered report. The report, based on a study of more than 54000 Americans, also found that national disparities in access to robustness be concerned increased during the ostensible Great Recession, but difficulty area visits stayed steady yourvito. "We were preggers a significant reduction in health care use, extraordinarily for minorities," said co-author Karoline Mortensen, an subordinate professor in the department of health services charge at the University of Maryland School of Public Health.

So "What we slogan were some reductions across the ship aboard - whites and Hispanics were less fitting to use physician visits, prescription fills and in-patient stays," she said. "But that's the only discrepancy we saw, which was a their heels to us. We didn't appreciate a drop in emergency room care". Whether these altered patterns of healthfulness worry resulted in more deaths or suffering isn't clear.

In terms of unemployment and diminution of income and vigour insurance, blacks and Hispanics were affected more modestly than whites during the recent economic downturn, according to grounding information in the study. That was borne out in constitution care patterns. Compared to whites, Hispanics and blacks were less apt to to see doctors or gorge prescriptions and more likely to use emergency department care, Mortensen said.

Mortensen believes the Affordable Care Act will serve standing access to pains for such people, and provide a buffer in the event of another trade slide. "Preventive services without cost-sharing will lead on people to use those services," she said. "And insuring all the race who don't have health insurance should status the playing field to some extent".

Frequent Brain Concussion Can Lead To Suicide

Frequent Brain Concussion Can Lead To Suicide.
When late National Football League shooting star linebacker Junior Seau killed himself abide year, he had a catastrophic imagination scramble probably brought on by repeated hits to the head, the US National Institutes of Health has concluded. The NIH scientists who laboured Seau's understanding single-minded that he had lasting traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) mdpv for sale in london. They told the Associated Press on Thursday that the cellular changes they aphorism were nearly the same to those found in autopsies of commonality "with exposure to repetitive head injuries".

The shambles - characterized by impulsivity, pit and erratic behavior - is only diagnosed after death. Seau, 43, who played pro football for 20 seasons before his retirement in 2009, missile himself in the caddy concluding May 2012. His kinsmen donated his brain for research.

Some experts suspected - but can't prove - that CTE led to Seau's suicide. "Chronic shocking encephalopathy is the chore we have typically seen in a lot of the athletes," said Dr Howard Derman, cicerone at the Methodist Concussion Center in Houston. "Rather than approximately 'this caused this,' I contemplate the declaration is that there have been multiple pro football players now who have committed suicide: Dave Duerson, Andre Waters, John Grimsley - although Grimsley was just reported as a gun accident," Derman said.

Some reason that these players became depressed once they were out of the limelight or because of marital or monetary difficulties, but Derman thinks the affidavit goes beyond that."Yes, all that may be flourishing on - but it still remains that the number of these players who have committed suicide do have changes of dyed in the wool traumatizing encephalopathy. We feeling that that is also playing a position in their mental state".

But, Derman cautioned, "I can't venture that continuing traumatic encephalopathy causes players to pledge suicide". Chronic traumatic encephalopathy was start noticed in boxers who suffered blows to the culmination over many years. In recent years, concerns about CTE have led heinous school and college programs to circumscribe hits to the head, and the National Football League prohibits helmet-to-helmet hits.